动态控制气调(DCA)贮藏的益处和障碍：美国苹果产业采用技术需求分析

BENEFITS OF AND BARRIERS TO DYNAMIC CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (DCA) STORAGE: ANALYSES NEEDED FOR TECHNOLOGY UPTAKE BY THE U.S. APPLE INDUSTRY

Project Number: 2094-43000-008-047-R
Project Type: Reimbursable Cooperative Agreement

Start Date: Oct 1, 2023
End Date: Sep 14, 2025

Objective:

1. Develop best management practices for handling DCA stored apple fruit.
2. Understand how the extreme modification of oxygen by DCA affects respiratory metabolism, ripening biology, and disorder development of stored apple fruit.
3. Understand how modifications in ripening biology resulting from DCA storage are perceived and valued in consumer sensory testing and by storage practitioners.
4. Create a decision support tool, based on analyses of economic and sociological factors, to inform investment in DCA technology.
5. Translate research findings into communication outputs for postharvest and horticultural scientific, educational, and practitioner communities.

1. 制定处理DCA贮藏苹果果实的最佳管理实践。
2.了解DCA对氧气的极端改变如何影响呼吸代谢、成熟生物学和贮藏苹果果实的紊乱发育。
3.了解DCA贮藏对成熟生物学的影响如何在消费者感官测试和贮藏从业者中被感知和重视。
4.根据对经济和社会因素的分析，创建一个决策支持工具，为DCA技术的投资提供信息。
5.将研究成果转化为收获后和园艺科学、教育和从业者交流成果。

Approach:
Objective 1: The development of best management practices for handling DCA treated fruit will integrate information generated from biological, sensory, and economic data from research objectives 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The initial step is to implement surveys to determine the level of familiarity with DCA. We will engage with current DCA practitioners and document their current management practices. The data collected from the research on objectives 2-4 will then be used to flesh out the management practices currently in place, adding new insights and recommendations for practices to optimize fruit quality and production efficiency.

目标1：制定处理DCA处理水果的最佳管理实践，将分别整合研究目标2、3和4的生物、感官和经济数据所产生的信息。第一步是实施调查，以确定对DCA的熟悉程度。我们将与当前的DCA从业者接触，并记录他们当前的管理实践。从目标2-4的研究中收集的数据将用于充实目前实施的管理实践，为优化水果质量和生产效率的实践提供新的见解和建议。

Objective 2: Fruit responses to low O2, elevated CO2, and ethylene action will be investigated using standard and state-of-the-art analyses. The lower oxygen limit (LOL) and its year-to-year and regional variability of both traditional and premium cultivars will be performed. Low O2 levels will be applied in combination with a range in CO2 concentrations to understand the interplay between these two gases. Fruit from Eastern and Western regions will be evaluated for quality changes and disorders, primarily focusing on newly released cultivars such as ‘Cosmic Crisp’ and ‘RubyFrost’ as well as critical high-volume cultivars such as ‘Gala’ and ‘Honeycrisp’.

目标2：将使用标准和最先进的分析来研究水果对低O2、高CO2和乙烯作用的反应。将对传统和优质品种的氧气下限（LOL）及其逐年和区域变化进行研究。低O2水平将与CO2浓度范围相结合，以了解这两种气体之间的相互作用。将对东部和西部地区的水果进行质量变化和病害评估，主要关注新发布的品种，如“Cosmic Crisp”和“RubyFrost”，以及关键的大批量品种，如”Gala“和”Honeycrisp“。

Objective 3: The degree to which stressful atmospheres impact the perception of visual, olfactory, taste, and textural quality attributes will be determined and described both quantitatively and qualitatively for fruit from Objective 2. Consumer panel evaluations and instrumental aroma and fruit quality analyses will be interwoven to permit us to appreciate advantages and limitations of this new technology.

目标3：对于目标2中的水果，将定量和定性地确定和描述压力环境对视觉、嗅觉、味觉和质地质量属性感知的影响程度。消费者小组评估和仪器香气和水果质量分析将相互交织，使我们能够了解这项新技术的优势和局限性。

Objective 4: The primary economic objective is to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with the adoption of the dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) storage technology for the U.S. apple industry. We will focus on the economic implications of adoption for growers, storage operators, fruit marketers, retailers, and consumers and assess the direct economic implications of adopting DCA for Eastern and Western US storage operators. We will perform a dynamic cost-benefit analysis and carry out a series of market simulations using an equilibrium displacement model to assess the potential market effects throughout the supply chain.

目标4：主要经济目标是评估美国苹果产业采用动态控制气调（DCA）贮藏技术的成本和收益。我们将重点关注采用DCA对种植者、仓储运营商、水果分销、零售商和消费者的经济影响，并评估采用DCA对于美国东部和西部仓储运营商的直接经济影响。我们将进行动态成本效益分析，并使用均衡位移模型进行一系列市场模拟，以评估整个供应链的潜在市场效应。

Objective 5: The translation of information generated by this project to industry stakeholders and scientific peers will employ print and web-based platforms to disseminate educational bulletins and other outreach products. Important among the outputs is a decision support tool that will assist storage entities in decisions related to technology uptake. We will conduct online and in-person formal extension programs, including industry stakeholder discussions, in association with each cooperator institution. We will direct newsworthy outcomes to regional and national fruit industry-oriented print and online media.

目标5：将该项目产生的信息翻译给行业利益相关者和科学同行，将采用印刷和网络平台传播教育公告和其他外联产品。其中重要的产出是一个决策支持工具，它将协助存储实体做出与技术采用相关的决策。我们将与每个合作机构联合开展在线和面对面的正式推广计划，包括行业利益相关者讨论。我们将把有新闻价值的成果导向面向地区和国家水果行业的印刷和在线媒体。

Project Methods
Objective 1.Fruit maturity: Ten fruit per replicate in each experiment will be used for measurement of harvest indices - internal ethylene concentration, firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, delta absorbance, and starch pattern index using standard laboratory procedures.Fruit quality: External and internal defects and physiological disorders will be assessed visually, counting the number of fruit affected and severity in some cases. Internal defects will be recorded after cutting the fruit transversely at the equator. Aroma headspace volatiles for whole fruit will be quantified using analysis by GC/MS. For a given treatment combination, 5 individual fruits will be selected, placed singly into inert, sealed chambers and the headspace sampled by solid phase microextraction after a 20-min incubation period at 20 °C. For aroma recovery analysis, fruit will be analyzed weekly until aroma production maximizes. We will predict the impact of aroma on sensory perception using descriptors, known odor impact thresholds and ester abundance and correlate with off-aroma reports from sensory analysis.1-MCP treatment: Fruit will be cooled to a target temperature appropriate for each cultivar/subobjective, and treated with 1-MCP [1 µL L-11-MCP (SmartFresh tablets, 3.8% a.i., AgroFresh Co., Spring House, PA or EasyfreshTM, 3.3% a.i., Fine Americas, Walnut Creek, CA) for 24 h in a 4000-L plastic tent using a release and fan system].Mineral Analysis: A composite sample of 5-7 fruit per replicate (taken at harvest) for each growing environment will be used for this analysis. Fruit peel will be removed from the equator and oven-dried at 60°C for 3 days. After that time, tissue will be pulverized and homogenized, and 200 mg per sample used for digestion in HNO3. Minerals will be determined by microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES).Lab Pod RQ: Lab Pods will be run using SCS 6000 integrated hardware and software. Atmosphere establishment will be programmed to generate desired oxygen and CO2levels. Respiration and RQ measurements followed by pO2and pCO2adjustment will take place daily. Data will be stored locally and in the cloud on the SCS 6000 and SCS secure servers, respectively.HarvestWatchTM: HarvestWatch FIRM sensors will be placed in CA chambers. O2levels will in the chambers be manipulated and the Favalues tracked to determine the LOL/ACP and the desired O2setpoint.

目标1果实成熟度：每个实验中每个重复10个果实将用于使用标准实验室程序测量收获指数，包括内部乙烯浓度、硬度、可滴定酸度、可溶性固体含量、δ吸光度和淀粉模式指数。水果质量：将通过视觉评估外部和内部缺陷以及生理疾病，在某些情况下计算受影响的水果数量和严重程度。在中间水平处横向切割水果后，会记录内部缺陷。将使用GC/MS分析对整个水果的香气顶部空间挥发物进行定量。对于给定的处理组合，将选择5个单独的水果，单独放入惰性密封室中，并在20℃下孵育20分钟后通过固相微萃取对顶部空间进行采样；C.对于香气恢复分析，将每周对水果进行分析，直到香气产生最大化。我们将使用描述符、已知的气味影响阈值和酯丰度来预测香气对感官感知的影响，并将其与感官分析的异味报告相关联。1-MCP处理：将水果冷却到适合每个品种/子目标的目标温度，并使用1-MCP[1&micro；L L-11-MCP（SmartFresh片剂，3.8%活性成分，AgroFresh Co.，Spring House，PA或EasyfreshTM，3.3%活性成分，Fine Americas，Walnut Creek，CA）在4000升的塑料帐篷中使用释放和风扇系统处理24小时]。矿物分析：本次分析将使用每个生长环境中每个重复5-7个水果（在收获时采集）的复合样品。将果皮从赤道上取下，在60摄氏度下烘干；C 3天。之后，组织将被粉碎和均质化，每个样品200mg用于HNO3消化。矿物将通过微波诱导等离子体原子发射光谱法（MP-AES）进行测定。LabPod RQ：LabPod将使用SCS6000集成硬件和软件运行。大气建立将被编程以产生所需的氧气和二氧化碳水平。每天将进行呼吸和RQ测量，然后调整pO2和pCO2。数据将分别存储在SCS 6000和SCS安全服务器上的本地和云端。HarvestWatch TM：HarvestWatch FIRM传感器将放置在CA室中。将操纵腔室中的O2水平，并跟踪有利值，以确定LOL/ACP和所需的O2设定点。

Objective 2.Profiling metabolism during O2adjustment for ACP determination. Profiling experiments will track differences in metabolite profiles at 5 selected timepoints during the O2pull-down period for determination of the ACP. All timepoint/treatment combinations will be represented by 5 or more biological replications. Most samples will be sourced from DCA storage at WA, MI, and NY laboratories. Tissue sampling has to occur without disrupting the pO2determination. Consequently, multiple chambers, using any one DCA monitoring technology, will be used for imposing the treatment condition, with different chambers being accessed on each of the 5 timepoints during and after DCA target pO2establishment. For each timepoint, fruit from 1 chamber will be removed, sampled, and stabilized/frozen within 10 minutes of removal. Subsequent chambers will be sampled for additional timepoints. Five biological replications will be sampled from 18-20 fruit (composite samples of 3-4 fruit). Cortex tissue will be sampled by flash freezing in LN2, shipped to WA on dry ice, and stored at -80 °C until metabolic profile analysis (Leisso et al., 2015). This tissue will be for used for metabolite profiling (see below).Elevated pCO2: Focused pCO2/pO2combination experiments will be performed at the WA and MI locations. Cortex tissue will be sampled by flash freezing in LN2, shipped to WA on dry ice, and stored at -80 °C until metabolic profiling.Metabolic (including volatile) profiling: Metabolic profile of apple tissue will be analyzed using 3 different extractions and combinations of GC-MS and LC-MS to provide a less biased analysis of over 800 metabolites in the pome fruit metabolome. Metabolite information will be extracted from mass spectral chromatograms using deconvolution and identification protocols. Methods for unbiased profiling are based on methods used in the USDA laboratory.Global data analysis: To model metabolomic impacts, analysis of metabolite data will employ a variety of techniques with the general goal of associating metabolic events with experimental inputs over time course studies. Metabolic profiles can be analyzed alone or together using appropriate univariate and multivariate analyses as well as network modeling as required by dimensionality.

目的2.分析氧气调节过程中的代谢情况，以测定ACP。分析实验将跟踪O2耗尽期间5个选定时间点代谢物谱的差异，以测定ACP。所有时间点/治疗组合将由5个或更多生物复制表示。大多数样本将来自华盛顿州、密歇根州和纽约州实验室的DCA仓库。组织取样必须在不干扰pO2测定的情况下进行。因此，使用任何一种DCA监测技术的多个腔室将用于施加治疗条件，在DCA目标pO2建立期间和之后的5个时间点中的每一个时间点上访问不同的腔室。对于每个时间点，将在取出后10分钟内取出、取样并稳定/冷冻来自1个腔室的水果。后续腔室将进行额外时间点的采样。将从18-20个水果（3-4个水果的复合样品）中取样五个生物复制品。皮质组织将在液氮中快速冷冻取样，在干冰上运往华盛顿州，并储存在-80摄氏度的温度下；C直至代谢谱分析（Leisso等人，2015）。该组织将用于代谢物分析（见下文）。pCO2升高：将在WA和MI地点进行聚焦pCO2/pO2组合实验。皮质组织将在液氮中快速冷冻取样，在干冰上运往华盛顿州，并储存在-80摄氏度的温度下；C直到代谢分析。代谢（包括挥发性）分析：将使用3种不同的提取物以及GC-MS和LC-MS的组合来分析苹果组织的代谢特征，以对苹果果实代谢组中的800多种代谢物进行偏差较小的分析。将使用解卷积和识别协议从质谱色谱图中提取代谢物信息。无偏分析的方法基于美国农业部实验室使用的方法。全球数据分析：为了模拟代谢组学的影响，代谢数据分析将采用各种技术，其总体目标是将代谢事件与时间过程研究中的实验输入联系起来。代谢谱可以单独或一起使用适当的单变量和多变量分析以及维度所需的网络建模进行分析。

Objective 3. Eight sensory tests per year will assay fruit from experiments outlined in Objective 2 to test consumer response to appearance, texture, flavor, aftertaste/residual, purchase intent, and the respondents' overall liking of the samples. Fruit will be tested on 2 separate removal dates, to investigate medium and long-term storage regimes. A total of 140 panelists will be recruited, to account for up to N = 20 panelist attrition over the course of the study. Samples will be assessed using the Quartermaster corps. 9-point hedonic scale for overall and individual attribute liking, as well as perceived importance of chemical-free labeling, all of which can be vital in determining purchase intent. After liking questions, JAR scaling of flavor and texture attributes will be combined with overall liking of the samples to generate penalty analysis graphs for all treatments, thus determining the impact of any off-flavors or textural deficits on consumers' purchase intent.

目标3。每年八次感官测试将分析目标2中概述的实验中的水果，以测试消费者对外观、质地、风味、回味/残留、购买意图和受访者的反应；样品的整体喜好。水果将在两个不同的采摘日期进行测试，以研究中长期贮藏制度。总共将招募140名小组成员，以应对研究过程中多达N=20名小组成员的流失。样本将由军需军进行评估。整体和个人属性喜好的9点享乐量表，以及无化学标签的感知重要性，所有这些在确定购买意图方面都至关重要。在喜好问题之后，风味和质地属性的JAR缩放将与样品的整体喜好相结合，为所有处理生成惩罚分析图，从而确定任何异味或质地缺陷对消费者的影响；购买意向。

Objective 4. "In what ways and to what extent does DCA improve the economic standing of those who implement this technology?" will be addressed. We will develop a framework to characterize the changes in costs and benefits from using DCA relative to other systems of storage. We will conduct the analysis for multiple scenarios that include specific cultivars (e.g., 'Gala', 'Honeycrisp', and 'Cosmic Crisp'), different sized storage operations, and for storage operations located in different regions. We will draw on information to describe the changes in annual costs associated with DCA use, changes in fruit quality and fruit loss in storage, and details about consumer preferences for fruit stored in DCA.

目标4。将讨论“DCA以何种方式以及在多大程度上提高了实施这项技术的人的经济地位？”。我们将开发一个框架，描述使用DCA相对于其他贮藏系统的成本和收益的变化。我们将对多种情况进行分析，包括特定品种（如Gala&#39；、Honeycrisp&#39）、不同规模的贮藏操作以及位于不同地区的贮藏操作。我们将利用这些信息来描述与DCA使用相关的年度成本变化、水果质量和储存过程中水果损失的变化，以及消费者对DCA贮藏水果的偏好的详细信息。

Objective 5. Survey development and implementation. Prior to the initiation of storage work, surveys will be developed to answer the question: "How does the level of familiarity of storage operators with DCA in each region change following implementation of this project?" We will document the expectation of storage operators regarding responses of fruit to the treatments that will be applied throughout the course of these studies We will engage with current DCA practitioners and non-practitioners to document their current understanding of what might constitute best management practices for DCA. At the conclusion of the project, a similar survey instrument will be used to determine shifts in clientele awareness and knowledge regarding DCA.DCA Best Management Guide development.The development of best management practices for integration of DCA technology will integrate information generated from biological, sensory, and economic data collected throughout the project. The data collected from research on objectives 1 to 4 will then be used to flesh out any management practices currently in place, adding new insights and recommendations for practices to optimize fruit quality and production efficiency.

目标5。调查的制定和实施。在开始贮藏工作之前，将进行调查以回答以下问题：“在实施该项目后，每个地区的贮藏操作员对DCA的熟悉程度如何变化？”我们将记录贮藏操作员对水果对整个研究过程中应用的处理的反应的期望。我们将与当前的DCA从业者和非从业者接触，记录他们目前对DCA最佳管理实践的理解。在项目结束时，将使用类似的调查工具来确定客户对DCA的认识和知识的变化。DCA最佳管理指南开发。开发DCA技术集成的最佳管理实践将整合整个项目中收集的生物、感官和经济数据产生的信息。从目标1至4的研究中收集的数据将用于充实目前实施的任何管理实践，为优化水果质量和生产效率的实践提供新的见解和建议。

来源：https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=445257

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